Similarly to English Grammar, adjectives in Spanish belong to a class of words that modifies a noun, denoting its properties or qualities.
An adjective provides additional information about the subject — such as shape, color, age, temperature, and size. Demonstrative adjectives in Spanish also describe bits of material that note the person, animal, object, or place that we are talking about.
Examples:
Those who master the language and possess an agile pen, combined with a distinctive style such as poets, are able to convey an extraordinary meaning to any class of words.
Look at the beautiful extract below from the poet José Gorostiza. His poem is about the seashore and he chooses the word sonora (sonorous) to describe agua (water).
The sound of water creates a striking image of the waves pounding against the sand in the reader’s mind.
El agua sonora
de espuma sencilla,
el agua no puede
formarse la orilla.
Y porque descanse
en muelle lugar,
no es agua ni arena
la orilla del mar.
Within the English sentence structure, the adjective is usually located before the noun but in Spanish it can be placed before or after; it can also be separated by a verb, an adverb or a preposition.
The location freedom that Spanish adjectives enjoy allows the speaker or writer to emphasize a particular intention even in ordinary speech or writing.
There is a rule of concordance of gender (feminine and masculine) and number (singular and plural).
Look at how the adjective agrees with the gender and quantity of the noun, in this case a person or group of people, which is highlighted in red.
| SPANISH | ENGLISH |
| Niña bonita | Beautiful girl |
| Niño bonito | Beautiful boy |
| Niñas bnonitas | Beautiful girls |
| Niños bonitos | Beautiful boys |
In this more complex sentence the concordance still stands:
Exceptions to the concordance rule:
| SPANISH | ENGLISH |
| Alegre | Cheerful |
| Gentil | Gentle |
| Inteligente | Inteligent |
| Valiente | Brave |
| Feliz | Happy |
| Triste | Sad |
The degree of the adjective expresses the intensity of the quality to which the adjective refers: positive, comparative, superlative.
It expresses the basic quality.
It expresses a level of superiority, equality or inferiority when comparing two or more nouns.
The basic formula:
más (more)+ adjective + que
tan (as) + adjective + como
menos (less) + adjective + que
It expresses the highest degree either as a total (absolute) or as in relation to a context (relative).
ABSOLUTE: The absolute superlative has three possible forms, all grammatically correct.
RELATIVE: The relative superlative adjective establishes maximum superiority in the context of a specific group.
The following is a simple classification of Spanish adjectives.
However, for a more rigorous catalog, visit the official grammar manual titled Nueva Gramática de la Lengua Española, published by the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (The Association of the Spanish Language Academies) and the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy).
| SPANISH NAME | ENGLISH TRANSLATION | KEY | SPANISH EXAMPLE | ENGLISH TRANSLATION | |
| 1 | Calificativos | Calificative | This group indicates common qualities | Hojas secas | Dead leaves |
| 1.1 | Especificativos | Limiting | Indicates a quality that differentiates the noun from a group | Dientes afilados/dientes podridos | Sharp teeth/rotting teeth |
| 1.2 | Explicativos | Explanatory | Expresses a quality that the noun already has for literary purposes | Blanca nieve | White snow |
| 2 | Gentilicios | Demonym or gentilic | Denotes country of origin, ethnic group or national affiliation | Mexicano/nicagaraguense/indígena/panameño | Mexican/Nicaraguan/ indigenous/Panamanian |
| 3 | Determinativos o pronominales | Pronominal | This group refers to time, place, and order, as well as ownership | Segundo/mío | Second/mine |
| 3.1 | Demostrativos | Demonstrative | Indicates both spatial and chronological proximity | Esta, esa y aquella | This, that, and that one |
| 3.2 | Posesivos | Possessive | Indicates ownership | Tuyo/suyo/nuestro | Yours/his/ours |
| 3.3 | Algunos numerales | Some numerals | Include some ordinal and multiplicative numbers | Primero/quinta/doble/triple | First/fifth/double/triple |
| 4 | Sustantivados | Substantive | The adjective is used as a noun | Lo hermoso/el sabio | The beautiful/the wise man |
| 5 | Verbales | Verbal adjective | Originates from a verb | Cansada/meditabundo/fácil/amoroso | Tired/meditative/easy/lovable |
| 6 | Sintagma nominal | Nominal syntagm | It is created from a syntagm or group of words | Reunión familiar (reunión de familia) | Family reunion |
As you can see from the list, possessive adjectives in Spanish indicate the owner of the noun they modify. They always appear before or after the noun, contrary to possessive pronouns, which in fact replace it.
| SPANISH | ENGLISH |
| Mi/mío/mía/míos/mías | My/mine |
| Tu/tus/tuyo/tuya/tuyos/tuyas | Your/yours |
| Su/sus/suyo/suya/suyos/suyas | Your/yours (formal Spanish in Latinamerica) + his/her/hers + their/theirs |
| Vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras | Your/yours (plural in Spain) |
| Nuestro/nuestra/nuestros/nuestras | Our/ours |
These are the most common demonstrative adjectives in Spanish:
| SPANISH | ENGLISH |
| Este/esto/esta | This |
| Estos/estas | These |
| Ese/eso/esa | That |
| Esos/esas | Those |
| Aquel/aquella | That (way over there) |
| Aquellos/aquellas | Those (way over there) |
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